Finite element analysis of kangaroo astragali: A new angle on the ankle.

Using finite element analysis on the astragali of five macropodine kangaroos (extant and extinct hoppers) and three sthenurine kangaroos (extinct proposed bipedal striders) we investigate how the stresses experienced by the ankle in similarly sized kangaroos of different hypothesized/known locomotor strategy compare under different simulation scenarios, intended to represent the moment of midstance at different gaits. These tests showed a clear difference between the performance of sthenurines and macropodines with the former group experiencing lower stress in simulated bipedal strides in all species compared with hopping simulations, supporting the hypothesis that sthenurines may have utilized this gait. The Pleistocene macropodine Protemnodon also performed differently from all other species studied, showing high stresses in all simulations except for bounding. This may support the hypothesis of Protemnodon being a quadrupedal bounder.

Impact of specialized fatigue and backhand smash on the ankle biomechanics of female badminton players.

During fatigued conditions, badminton players may experience adverse effects on their ankle joints during smash landings. In addition, the risk of ankle injury may vary with different landing strategies. This study aimed to investigate the influence of sport-specific fatigue factors and two backhand smash actions on ankle biomechanical indices. Thirteen female badminton players (age: 21.2 ± 1.9 years; height: 167.1 ± 4.1 cm; weight: 57.3 ± 5.1 kg; BMI: 20.54 ± 1.57 kg/m2) participated in this study. An 8-camera Vicon motion capture system and three Kistler force platforms were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data before and after fatigue for backhand rear-court jump smash (BRJS) and backhand lateral jump smash (BLJS). A 2 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance was employed to analyze the effects of these smash landing actions and fatigue factors on ankle biomechanical parameters. Fatigue significantly affected the ankle-joint plantarflexion and inversion angles at the initial contact (IC) phase (p < 0.05), with both angles increasing substantially post-fatigue. From a kinetic perspective, fatigue considerably influenced the peak plantarflexion and peak inversion moments at the ankle joint, which resulted in a decrease the former and an increase in the latter after fatigue. The two smash landing actions demonstrated different landing strategies, and significant main effects were observed on the ankle plantarflexion angle, inversion angle, peak dorsiflexion/plantarflexion moment, peak inversion/eversion moment, and peak internal rotation moment (p < 0.05). The BLJS landing had a much greater landing inversion angle, peak inversion moment, and peak internal rotation moment compared with BRJS landing. The interaction effects of fatigue and smash actions significantly affected the muscle force of the peroneus longus (PL), with a more pronounced decrease in the force of the PL muscle post-fatigue in the BLJS action(post-hoc < 0.05). This study demonstrated that fatigue and smash actions, specifically BRJS and BLJS, significantly affect ankle biomechanical parameters. After fatigue, both actions showed a notable increase in IC plantarflexion and inversion angles and peak inversion moments, which may elevate the risk of lateral ankle sprains. Compared with BRJS, BLJS poses a higher risk of lateral ankle sprains after fatigue.

Anesthesia for the Patient Undergoing Foot and Ankle Surgery.

Modern anesthetic management for foot and ankle surgery includes a variety of anesthesia techniques including general anesthesia, neuraxial anesthesia, or MAC in combination with peripheral nerve blocks and/or multimodal analgesic agents. The choice of techniques should be tailored to the nature of the procedure, patient comorbidities, anesthesiologist skill level, intensity of anticipated postoperative pain, and surgeon preference.

A patient-centered 'test-drive' strategy for ankle-foot orthosis prescription: Protocol for a randomized participant-blinded trial.

BACKGROUND: Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are commonly used to overcome mobility limitations related to lower limb musculoskeletal injury. Despite a multitude of AFOs to choose from, there is scant evidence to guide AFO prescription and limited opportunities for AFO users to provide experiential input during the process. To address these limitations in the current prescription process, this study evaluates a novel, user-centered and personalized 'test-drive' strategy using a robotic exoskeleton ('AFO emulator') to emulate commercial AFO mechanical properties (i.e., stiffness). The study will determine if brief, in-lab trials (with emulated or actual AFOs) can predict longer term preference, satisfaction, and mobility outcomes after community trials (with the actual AFOs). Secondarily, it will compare the in-lab experience of walking between actual vs. emulated AFOs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In this participant-blinded, randomized crossover study we will recruit up to fifty-eight individuals with lower limb musculoskeletal injuries who currently use an AFO. Participants will walk on a treadmill with three actual AFOs and corresponding emulated AFOs for the "in-lab" assessments. For the community trial assessment, participants will wear each of the actual AFOs for a two-week period during activities of daily living. Performance-based and user-reported measures of preference and mobility will be compared between short- and long-term trials (i.e., in-lab vs. two-week community trials), and between in-lab trials (emulated vs. actual AFOs). TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was prospectively registered at www.clininicaltrials.gov (Clinical Trials Study ID: NCT06113159). Date: November 1st 2023. https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06113159.

The Analytical Validity of Stride Detection and Gait Parameters Reconstruction Using the Ankle-Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit Syde®.

The increasing use of inertial measurement units (IMU) in biomedical sciences brings new possibilities for clinical research. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the accuracy of the IMU-based wearable Syde® device, which allows day-long and remote continuous gait recording in comparison to a reference motion capture system. Twelve healthy subjects (age: 23.17 ± 2.04, height: 174.17 ± 6.46 cm) participated in a controlled environment data collection and performed a series of gait tasks with both systems attached to each ankle. A total of 2820 strides were analyzed. The results show a median absolute stride length error of 1.86 cm between the IMU-based wearable device reconstruction and the motion capture ground truth, with the 75th percentile at 3.24 cm. The median absolute stride horizontal velocity error was 1.56 cm/s, with the 75th percentile at 2.63 cm/s. With a measurement error to the reference system of less than 3 cm, we conclude that there is a valid physical recovery of stride length and horizontal velocity from data collected with the IMU-based wearable Syde® device.

Morphometric assessment of tibial nerve and its branches around the ankle.

It is essential to understand the considerable variations in bifurcation patterns of the tibial nerve (TN) and its peripheral nerves at the level of the tarsal tunnel to prevent iatrogenic nerve injury during surgical nerve release or nerve block. A total of 16 ankles of 8 human cadavers were dissected to investigate the branching patterns of the TN, using 2 imaginary lines passing through the tip of the medial malleolus (MM) as reference lines. Bifurcation patterns and detailed information on the relative locations of the medial plantar, lateral plantar, medial calcaneal, and inferior calcaneal nerves to the reference lines were recorded. The most common bifurcation pattern was Type 1 in 12 ankles (75%), followed by Type 2 in 2 ankles (13%). One medial calcaneal nerve (MCN) was seen in 11 (69%) specimens and 2 MCN branches were seen in 5 (31%) specimen. 88% of the MCN branches bifurcated from the TN, whereas 6% originated from both TN and lateral plantar nerve (LPN). At the level of the tip of the MM, 2 of 7 parameters showed statistically significant difference between both sexes (P < .05). There was a statistically significant difference between left and right ankles in 2 of 7 measurements (P < .05). Further morphometric analysis of the width, distance, and angle between the TN branches and the tip of MM showed a highly variable nature of the location of the peripheral nerve branches.

Effects of arousal and valence on center of pressure and ankle muscle activity during quiet standing.

Emotion affects postural control during quiet standing. Emotional states can be defined as two-dimensional models comprising valence (pleasant/unpleasant) and arousal (aroused/calm). Most previous studies have investigated the effects of valence on postural control without considering arousal. In addition, studies have focused on the center of pressure (COP) trajectory to examine emotional effects on the quiet standing control; however, the relationship between neuromuscular mechanisms and the emotionally affected quiet standing control is largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of arousal and valence on the COP trajectory and ankle muscle activity during quiet standing. Twenty-two participants were instructed to stand on a force platform and look at affective pictures for 72 seconds. The tasks were repeated six times, according to the picture conditions composed of arousal (High and Low) and valence (Pleasant, Neutral, and Unpleasant). During the task, the COP, electromyogram (EMG) of the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles, and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded. The heart rate calculated from the ECG was significantly affected by valence; the value was lower in Unpleasant than that in Neutral and Pleasant. The 95% confidence ellipse area and standard deviation of COP in the anterior-posterior direction were lower, and the mean power frequency of COP in the anterior-posterior direction was higher in Unpleasant than in Pleasant. Although the mean velocity of the COP in the medio-lateral direction was significantly lower in Unpleasant than in Pleasant, the effect was observed only when arousal was low. Although the EMG variables were not significantly affected by emotional conditions, some EMG variables were significantly correlated with the COP variables that were affected by emotional conditions. Therefore, ankle muscle activity may be partially associated with postural changes triggered by emotional intervention. In conclusion, both valence and arousal affect the COP variables, and ankle muscle activity may be partially associated with these COP changes.

Relationship between the strength of the ankle and toe muscles and functional stability in young, healthy adults.

This study investigates the relationship between ankle and toe strength and functional stability in young adults, with a sample comprising sixteen females and fourteen males. The research employed force platform data to determine the center of foot pressure (COP) and calculated the forward functional stability index (FFSI) through foot anthropometric measurements. Strength measurements of toe and ankle muscles, during maximal isometric flexion and extension, were conducted using force transducers. Notable positive correlations were found between toe flexor strength and FFSI (left flexor: r = 0.4, right flexor: r = 0.38, p < 0.05), not influenced by foot anthropometry. Contrarily, no significant correlation was observed between ankle muscle strength and FFSI, despite a positive correlation with the COP range. The moderate correlation coefficients suggest that while toe flexor strength is a contributing factor to functional stability, it does not solely determine functional stability. These findings highlight the critical role of muscle strength in maintaining functional stability, particularly during forward movements and emphasize the utility of FFSI alongside traditional COP measures in balance assessment. It is recommended to employ a multifaceted approach is required in balance training programs.

The effectiveness of ambulatory continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blockade on patient-reported overall benefit of analgesia in patients undergoing foot or ankle surgery (CAREFREE trial); a randomized, open label, non-inferiority trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Management of pain after foot and ankle surgery remains a concern for patients and healthcare professionals. This study determined the effectiveness of ambulatory continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blockade, compared to standard of care, on overall benefit of analgesia score (OBAS) in patients undergoing foot or ankle surgery. We hypothesized that usage of ambulatory continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blockade is non-inferior to standard of care. DESIGN: Single center, randomized, non-inferiority trial. SETTING: Tertiary hospital in the Netherlands. PATIENTS: Patients were enrolled if ≥18 years and scheduled for elective inpatient foot or ankle surgery. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomized to ambulatory continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blockade or standard of care. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was the difference in OBAS, which includes pain, side effects of analgesics, and patient satisfaction, measured daily from the first to the third day after surgery. A non-inferiority margin of 2 was set as the upper limit for the 90% confidence interval of the difference in OBAS score. Mixed-effects modeling was employed to analyze differences in OBAS scores over time. Secondary outcome was the difference in opioid consumption. MAIN RESULTS: Patients were randomized to standard of care (n = 22), or ambulatory continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blockade (n = 22). Analyzing the first three postoperative days, the OBAS was significantly lower over time in the ambulatory continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blockade group compared to standard of care, demonstrating non-inferiority (-1.9 points, 90% CI -3.1 to -0.7). During the first five postoperative days, patients with ambulatory continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blockade consumed significantly fewer opioids over time compared to standard of care (-8.7 oral morphine milligram equivalents; 95% CI -16.1 to -1.4). CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blockade is non-inferior to standard of care with single shot popliteal sciatic nerve blockade on patient-reported overall benefit of analgesia.

Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on gait parameters in post-stroke patients with different Brunnstrom stages of the lower limb: a single-center crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) can improve gait posture and walking ability in post-stroke patients. However, the effect of AFO on gait parameters in post-stroke patients according to the Brunnstrom stage of stroke recovery of the lower limbs remains unclear. The study aimed to investigate whether stroke patients with different Brunnstrom stages benefit from wearing AFO. METHODS: Twenty-five post-stroke participants included 18 men (50 ± 13 years) and 7 women (60 ± 15 years). The patients were divided based on Brunnstrom stage III or IV of the lower limbs. All patients underwent the gait and timed up and go (TUG) test using a gait analysis system while walking barefoot or with an AFO. The spatiotemporal and asymmetric parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: All 25 patients completed the study. Significant differences were observed between barefoot and AFO use in TUG time (P < 0.001) but not walking velocity (P > 0.05). The main effect of the swing time ratio was significant in both groups (P < 0.05); however, the main effects of stride length, stance time, and gait asymmetry ratio were nonsignificant (P > 0.05). For barefoot versus AFO, the main effects of stride length (P < 0.05) and swing time (P < 0.01) ratios were significant, whereas those of stance time and gait asymmetry ratio were nonsignificant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Post-stroke patients with lower Brunnstrom stages benefitted more from AFO, particularly in gait asymmetry.

Changes in Dynamic Mean Ankle Moment Arm in Unimpaired Walking Across Speeds, Ramps, and Stairs.

Understanding the natural biomechanics of walking at different speeds and activities is crucial to develop effective assistive devices for persons with lower-limb impairments. While continuous measures such as joint angle and moment are well-suited for biomimetic control of robotic systems, whole-stride summary metrics are useful for describing changes across behaviors and for designing and controlling passive and semi-active devices. Dynamic mean ankle moment arm (DMAMA) is a whole-stride measure representing the moment arm of the ground reaction impulse about the ankle joint-effectively, how "forefoot-dominated" or "hindfoot-dominated" a movement is. DMAMA was developed as a target and performance metric for semi-active devices that adjust once per stride. However, for implementation in this application, DMAMA must be characterized across various activities in unimpaired individuals. In our study, unimpaired participants walked at "slow," "normal," and "fast" self-selected speeds on level ground and at a normal self-selected speed while ascending and descending stairs and a 5-degree incline ramp. DMAMA measured from these activities displayed a borderline-significant negative sensitivity to walking speed, a significant positive sensitivity to ground incline, and a significant decrease when ascending stairs compared to descending. The data suggested a nonlinear relationship between DMAMA and walking speed; half of the participants had the highest average DMAMA at their "normal" speed. Our findings suggest that DMAMA varies substantially across activities, and thus, matching DMAMA could be a valuable metric to consider when designing biomimetic assistive lower-limb devices.

Ankle and hindfoot motion of healthy adults during running revealed by dynamic biplane radiography: Side-to-side symmetry, sex-specific differences, and comparison with walking.

This study aimed to characterize ankle and hindfoot kinematics of healthy men and women during overground running using biplane radiography, and to compare these data to those previously obtained in the same cohort during overground walking. Participants ran across an elevated platform at a self-selected pace while synchronized biplane radiographs of their ankle and hindfoot were acquired. Motion of the tibia, talus, and calcaneus was tracked using a validated volumetric model-based tracking process. Tibiotalar and subtalar 6DOF kinematics were obtained. Absolute side-to-side differences in ROM and kinematics waveforms were calculated. Side-to-side and sex-specific differences were evaluated at 10 % increments of stance phase with mixed model analysis. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between stance-phase running and walking kinematics. 20 participants comprised the study cohort (10 men, mean age 30.8 ± 6.3 years, mean BMI 24.1 ± 3.1). Average absolute side-to-side differences in running kinematics waveforms were 5.6°/2.0 mm or less at the tibiotalar joint and 5.2°/3.2 mm or less at the subtalar joint. No differences in running kinematics waveforms between sides or between men and women were detected. Correlations were stronger at the tibiotalar joint (42/66 [64 %] of correlations were p < 0.05), than at the tibiotalar joint (38/66 [58 %] of correlations were p < 0.05). These results provide a normative reference for evaluating native ankle and hindfoot kinematics which may be informative in surgical or rehabilitation contexts. Sex-specific differences in ankle kinematics during overground running are likely not clinically or etiologically significant. Associations seen between walking and running kinematics suggest one could be used to predict the other.

The relationship between joint kinematic patterns during single-leg drop landing and perceived instability in individuals with chronic ankle instability.

BACKGROUND: Perceived instability is a primary symptom among individuals with chronic ankle instability. However, the relationship between joint kinematics during landing remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relationships between landing kinematics and perceived instability in individuals with chronic ankle instability. METHODS: In 32 individuals with chronic ankle instability, we recorded ankle, knee, and hip joint angles during a single-leg drop landing. Joint angle waveforms during 200 ms before and after initial contact were summarized into single values using two methods: peak joint angles and principal component scores via principal component analysis. Using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ), we examined the relationships of peak joint angles and principal component scores with the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score, with a lower score indicating a greater perceived instability (α = 0.05). FINDINGS: The second principal component scores of ankle angle in the horizontal and sagittal planes significantly correlated with the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score (Horizontal: ρ = 0.507, P = 0.003; Sagittal: ρ = -0.359, P = 0.044). These scores indicated the differences in the magnitude of angles before and after landing. Significant correlations indicated a greater perceived instability correlated with smaller internal rotation and plantarflexion before landing and smaller external rotation and dorsiflexion after landing. In contrast, no peak joint angles correlated with the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score (P > 0.05). INTERPRETATION: In individuals with chronic ankle instability, ankle movements during landing associated with perceived instability may be a protective strategy before landing and potentially cause ankle instability after landing.

Wearing a back-support exoskeleton alters lower-limb joint kinetics during single-step recovery following a forward loss of balance.

We assessed the effects of a passive, back-support exoskeleton (BSE) on lower-limb joint kinetics during the initiation and swing phases of recovery from a forward loss of balance. Sixteen (8M, 8F) young, healthy participants were released from static forward-leaning postures and attempted to recover their balance with a single-step while wearing a BSE (backXTM) with different levels of support torque and in a control condition. The BSE provided âˆ¼ 15-20 Nm of external hip extension torque on the stepping leg at the end of initiation and beginning of swing phases. Participants were unable to generate sufficient hip flexion torque, power, and work to counteract this external torque, although they sustained hip flexion torque for a more prolonged period, resulting in slightly increased hip contribution to positive leg work (compared to control). However, net positive leg work, and the net contribution of hip joint (human + BSE) to total leg work decreased with BSE use. While all participants had changes in hip joint kinetics, a significant compensatory increase in ankle contribution to positive leg work was observed only among females. Our results suggest that BSE use adversely affects reactive stepping by decreasing the stepping leg kinetic energy for forward propulsion, and that the relative contributions of lower-limb joints to total mechanical work done during balance recovery are altered by BSE use. BSEs may thus need to be implemented with caution for dynamic tasks in occupational settings, as they may impair balance recovery following a forward loss of balance.

Total ankle replacement versus ankle fusion for end-stage ankle arthritis: A meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: This study aims to systematically review the efficacy and safety of total ankle replacement (TAR) and ankle fusion (AF) as treatment options for end-stage ankle arthritis. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on data from multiple databases, including PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Construction and Building Materials, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for RCTs and prospective cohort studies comparing TAR and AF in patients with end-stage ankle arthritis from inception up to June, 2023. Our primary outcomes of interest included patients' clinical function scores and complications. We employed Review Manager 5.4 and Stata/MP 14.0 software for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Our analysis incorporated 13 comparative studies, including 11 prospective studies, one pilot RCT, and one RCT. The pooled results revealed no significant difference in postoperative Short Form-36 scores between the TAR and AF groups (MD = -1.19, 95% CI: -3.89 to 1.50, p = .39). However, the postoperative Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scores in the AF group were significantly higher than in the TAR group (MD = 8.30, 95% CI: 1.01-15.60, p = .03). There was no significant difference in postoperative complication rates between the TAR and AF groups (RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.54, p = .85). CONCLUSION: Currently available evidence suggests no significant disparity in postoperative outcomes between TAR and AF. In the short term, TAR demonstrates better clinical scores than AF and lower complication rates. Conversely, in the long term, AF exhibits superior clinical scores and lower complication rates, although this difference is not statistically significant.

[Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis for end-stage ankle and hindfoot arthropathy: Short- and mid-term clinical outcomes].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical data of patients with end-stage ankle and hindfoot arthropathy who underwent tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis by the same surgeon, explore the short- and mid-term clinical results, complications and functional improvement, and discuss the clinical prognosis and precautions of TTC arthrodesis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 40 patients who underwent TTC arthrodesis by the same surgeon from March 2011 to December 2020. In this study, 23 males and 17 females were included, with an average age of (49.1±16.0) years. All the patients underwent unilateral surgery. The clinical characteristics, imaging manifestations, main diagnosis and specific surgical techniques of the patients were recorded. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by comparison of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and visual analogue scale (VAS) between pre-operation and at the last follow-up. The fusion healing time, symptom improvement (significant improvement, certain improvement, no improvement or deterioration) and postoperative complications were also recorded. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 38.0 (26.3, 58.8) months. The preoperative VAS score was 6.0 (4.0, 7.0), and the AOFAS score was 33.0 (25.3, 47.3). At the last follow-up, the median VAS score was 0 (0, 3.0), and the AOFAS score was 80.0 (59.0, 84.0). All the significantly improved compared with their preoperative corresponding values (P < 0.05). There was no wound necrosis or infection in the patients. One patient suffered from subtalar joint nonunion, which was syphilitic Charcot arthropathy. The median bony healing time of other patients was 15.0 (12.0, 20.0) weeks. Among the included patients, there were 25 cases with significant improvement in symptom compared with that preoperative, 8 cases with certain improvement, 4 cases with no improvement, and 3 cases with worse symptoms than that before operation. CONCLUSION: TTC arthrodesis is a reliable method for the treatment of the end-stage ankle and hindfoot arthropathy. The function of most patients was improved postoperatively, with little impact on daily life. The causes of poor prognosis included toe stiffness, stress concentration in adjacent knee joints, nonunion and pain of unknown causes.

Epidemiology and Characteristics of Ankle and Foot Injuries in Electric Scooter-Related Accidents.

Background: The use of electric scooters (e-scooters) continues to increase as a simple, inexpensive means of transport, resulting in a sharp increase in the incidence of scooter-related accidents. No study to date has closely examined the injury extent to the lower leg, joints, and extremities from e-scooter-related accidents. Here, we investigated the epidemiology and injury patterns of such accidents, focusing on injuries to the ankle and foot. Methods: Based on data from a single tertiary hospital's database, the demographics of 563 patients with scooter-associated injuries were analyzed retrospectively. Among the patients, 229 patients who were injured by e-scooter riding were further investigated. Based on the data, the general demographics of whole scooter-associated injuries and the injury characteristics and fracture cases of the lower leg, ankle, and foot were analyzed. Results: During the 4-year study period, the number of patients injured by e-scooters increased every year. Lower extremities were the most common injury site (67.2%) among riders, whereas injuries to the head and neck (64.3%) were more common in riders of non-electric scooters. Among the lower leg, ankle, and foot injuries of riders (52 cases), the ankle joint (53.8%) was the most commonly injured site, followed by the foot (40.4%) and lower leg (21.2%). The fracture group scored significantly higher on the Abbreviated Injury Scale than the non-fracture group (p < 0.001). Among the fracture group (20 cases), ankle fractures (9 cases) were most common, including pronation external rotation type 4 injuries (4 cases) and pilon fractures (2 cases). Five patients (25%) had open fractures, and 12 patients (60%) underwent surgical treatment. Conclusions: The ankle and foot are the most common injury sites in e-scooter-related accidents. Given the high frequency and severity of e-scooter-related ankle and foot injuries, we suggest that more attention be paid to preventing these types of injuries with greater public awareness of the dangers of using e-scooters.

The role of Ottawa ankle rules in geriatric emergency department visits.

BACKGROUND: Ankle injuries are a common reason for visits to the emergency department (ED). An effective diagnosis and treatment process is crucial for the swift recovery of patients and for alleviating congestion in EDs. This study aims to evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of the Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR) in geriatric patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). METHODS: Between February 2022 and November 2022, 160 patients aged 65 and older (118 women, 42 men) who presented to the ED with isolated ankle injuries were included in the study. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the OAR. RESULTS: The study found fractures in 37.5% of patients. The sensitivity of the OAR was 98.33%, the specificity was 86%, the negative predictive value was 98.85%, and the positive predictive value was 80.82%. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the OAR is highly sensitive in the geriatric population but shows some limitations in terms of specificity and positive predictive value. These results support the effectiveness of using the OAR in evaluating ankle injuries in the geriatric population but also highlight the need for cautious application due to the potential for false-positive outcomes.

The impact of ankle kinesio taping on pain management in patients with acute ankle sprain.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of Kinesio Tape (KT) application as a complementary treatment for patients with acute ankle sprain (AAS) in an Emergency Department (ED) setting. METHODS: A prospective, quasi-randomized controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary care ED. Adult patients diagnosed with isolated, stable Grade 1 and Grade 2 AAS were included. Patients were divided into two groups: the KT group, where KT was applied in addition to conventional treatment, and the control group, receiving only conventional treatment. Pain intensity, analgesic usage, and patient satisfaction were assessed. RESULTS: While pain levels were similar between both groups at baseline and the 30th minute, the control group reported significantly lower pain levels at the 60th minute (p=0.575, p=0.437, and p=0.042, respectively). The KT group exhibited reduced analgesic drug consumption and higher patient satisfaction levels (p<0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the difference in pain intensity at the 60th minute lost significance, while analgesic usage and patient satisfaction remained significant (p=0.631, p=0.003, and p=0.026, respectively). CONCLUSION: KT application, as a complementary treatment, may reduce the need for analgesics and enhance patient satisfaction in patients with AAS in the ED. Further research is needed to refine its application and confirm its effectiveness in standard AAS treatment protocols.